Tuesday, November 24, 2015

Dead Sea Scrolls










Dead Sea Scrolls
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GREEK






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Rylands Greek Papyrus 458

http://enriqueta.man.ac.uk/luna/servlet/detail/ManchesterDev~93~3~24513~100966:Deuteronomy

 The University of Manchester
Collection:  Rylands Papyri
Reference number:  Greek Papyrus 458
Creation site: Egypt

Date created:  2nd century BC

 Old Testament 
Deuteronomy

Description:
Eight fragments, identified by the letters a - h, from a papyrus roll of Deuteronomy.  They are written in a stylised and formal hand. The fragments were recovered from two pieces of mummy cartonnage along with Greek Papyri 539, 496, 499, 501, 502 and 503 and some Demotic texts. 
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 Silver Scrolls   Ketef Hinnom   

 http://www.imj.org.il/imagine/collections/item.asp?itemNum=198069

 The Israel Museum 
“Priestly Benediction” on Amulets 
Ketef Hinnom, Jerusalem
6th century BC

 These two silver amulets bear the oldest copies of biblical text known to us today.  They are some five hundred years older than the Dead Sea Scrolls.  The amulets, inscribed with ancient Hebrew script, were found rolled into tiny scrolls in a burial cave in Jerusalem.

 The inscription has been identified as a version of 
Numbers 6:24–26:
“The Lord bless and protect you. The Lord deal kindly and graciously with you. The Lord bestow his favor upon you and grant you peace.” 

 This formula, which found its way into the Jewish liturgy, is known as the Priestly Benediction.


 Ketef Hinnom Silver Amulets
http://www.reclaimingthemind.org/blog/2010/08/top-ten-biblical-discoveries-in-archaeology-4-ketef-hinnom-silver-amulet-scroll/

 Silver Scrolls are oldest Old Testament scripture
http://www.bpnews.net/17741

 Silver Scrolls
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/01/06/The-Blessing-of-the-Silver-Scrolls.aspx#Article


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Rylands Papyri Greek Papyrus 457 
St John Fragment 

 Date created: 2nd century [early]
John 18:31-33
John 18:37-38
The University of Manchester Library
John Rylands Library
http://enriqueta.man.ac.uk/luna/servlet/ManchesterDev~93~3
Rylands Papyri Greek Papyrus 457 (recto)

 http://enriqueta.man.ac.uk/luna/servlet/detail/ManchesterDev~93~3~22986~100256:St-John-Fragment?sort=Reference_number%2CReference_number%2CImage_sequence_number%2CImage_sequence_number

Collection: Rylands Papyri
Reference number: Greek Papyrus 457
Side: recto
Image Title: St John Fragment
Bible: New Testament John Chapter 18 Verses 31-33
Date created: 2nd century [early]
Language: Greek

 Description:
Papyrus fragment of St John's Gospel, Chapter 18, verses 31-33, in which Christ appears before Pilate. It was discovered in Upper Egypt, possibly at Oxyrhynchus. It is part of a codex, and is the earliest known fragment of the New Testament in any language.


Rylands Papyri Greek Papyrus 457 (verso)

 http://enriqueta.man.ac.uk/luna/servlet/detail/ManchesterDev~93~3~22996~100257:St-John-Fragment?sort=Reference_number%2CReference_number%2CImage_sequence_number%2CImage_sequence_number

Collection: Rylands Papyri
Reference number: Greek Papyrus 457
Side: verso
Image Title: St John Fragment
Bible: New Testament John Chapter 18 Verses 37-38
Date created: 2nd century [early]
Language: Greek

 Description:
Papyrus fragment of St John's Gospel, Chapter 18, verses 37-38, in which Christ appears before Pilate. It was discovered in Upper Egypt, possibly at Oxyrhynchus. It is part of a codex, and is the earliest known fragment of the New Testament in any language.
St John Fragment
Rylands Papyri Greek Papyrus 457

 The first side of the fragment contains the beginning of seven lines from John 18:31-33.

 The reverse of the fragment contains the end of seven lines from John 18:37-38.

 http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/search-resources/guide-to-special-collections/st-john-fragment/
The Fragment of the Gospel of John is widely regarded as the earliest portion of any New Testament writing ever found. It provides us with invaluable evidence on the spread of Christianity in the provinces of the Roman Empire in the first centuries of our era.

 http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/search-resources/guide-to-special-collections/st-john-fragment/what-is-the-significance/


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Codex Washingtonianus 

 The third-oldest Greek parchment manuscript 
of the Gospels in the world ( late 4th–early 5th century )

 Smithsonian Institution
https://www.asia.si.edu/collections/biblical.asp

 Collection Highlights
https://www.asia.si.edu/collections/biblical_highlights.asp

 Biblical Manuscripts
https://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/biblical.cfm

 National Geographic
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/12/131227-ancient-bible-codex-washingtonianus-freer-logion-religion-culture/

 Digital Images
http://www.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_032

 Scripture Index
http://images.csntm.org/Manuscripts/GA_032/032ScriptureIndex.pdf
Codex : Book : Caudex (Latin) block of wood



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Codex Vaticanus

 Date: 4th Century
Language: Greek

 Codex Vaticanus 
http://www.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_03

 Scripture Index
http://images.csntm.org/Manuscripts/GA_03/Vaticanus-Scripture-Index.pdf

 Catholic Encyclopedia
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04086a.htm

 Vatican Library 
http://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.gr.1209

 Brice Jones PhD
http://www.bricecjones.com/blog/news-alert-codex-vaticanus-online


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Codex Sinaiticus
Fourth century

 http://codexsinaiticus.org/en/

 Codex Sinaiticus, a manuscript of the Christian Bible written in the middle of the fourth century, contains the earliest complete copy of the Christian New Testament. The hand-written text is in Greek. The New Testament appears in the original vernacular language (koine) and the Old Testament in the version, known as the Septuagint, that was adopted by early Greek-speaking Christians. 

 http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/codex/
Significance
http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/codex/significance.aspx

 Codex Sinaiticus is generally dated to the fourth century, and sometimes more precisely to the middle of that century.
http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/codex/date.aspx

The name 'Codex Sinaiticus' literally means 'the Sinai Book'
http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/codex/name.aspx

British Library
http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/codexsinai.html
British Museum
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/27/british-library-lends-worlds-oldest-bible-british-museum
Codex Sinaiticus  Digital Facsimile
http://www.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_01
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Codex Bezae
5th century

 CAMBRIDGE
http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00002-00041/1

 The manuscript is best dated to the end of the Fourth or the beginning of the Fifth Century. 
University of Cambridge
http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk
Codex Bezae 
http://www.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_05

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 Codex Alexandrinus
5th century
 British Library
http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/codexalex.html

 Codex Alexandrinus is one of the three earliest and most important manuscripts of the entire Bible in Greek, the others being Codex Sinaiticus, also in the British Library, and Codex Vaticanus in Rome.  It is therefore of enormous importance in establishing the biblical text.  It is also one of the earliest books to employ significant decoration to mark major divisions in the text.

 Codex Alexandrinus, Constantinople or Asia Minor, fifth century.

 'Codex' is a grand word for a book in the form that we know it today.  In Latin 'codex', or 'caudex', once meant tree trunk.  Thin wooden writing tablets were used in ancient Roman times as informal notebooks.  When, during the second century, Christian texts began to be written down in books rather than on rolls, the name 'codex' was transferred to them.  The pages that formed the earliest Christian books were made from the reeds of the papyrus plant.  The pages of the Codex Alexandrinus are of prepared animal skin called parchment.

 The Codex Alexandrinus contains the Septuagint (the Koine Greek version of the Old Testament) and the New Testament, in addition to a few additional pieces of text that do not appear in standard Bibles, such as part of the Epistles of Clement.  It contains 773 pages, 630 for the Old Testament and 143 for the New Testament. 
Codex Alexandrinus   5th century
http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Royal_MS_1_d_viii

Digitised Manuscripts

http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=royal_ms_1_d_viii_fs001r


Codex Alexandrinus
http://www.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_02

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Codex Ephræmi Rescriptus
Fifth century

Codex Ephræmi Rescriptus
http://www.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_04p


Codex Ephræmi Syri Rescriptus
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8470433r

 Gallica 
http://www.bnf.fr/en/collections_and_services/digital_libraries_gallica/a.gallica_digital_library.html

 National Library of France
http://www.bnf.fr/en/tools/a.welcome_to_the_bnf.html



 Manuscripts of the Greek Bible
An Introduction to Palaeography
Dr. Bruce Metzger PhD
Princeton Theological Seminary

 Page 18

 Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, dating from the Fifth Century


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Sixth Century
Codex Laudianus
http://www.csntm.org/manuscript/View/G_A_08

 Codex Laudianus
http://viewer.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/icv/page.php?book=ms._laud_gr._35

Oxford
http://bav.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ms-laud-gr-35


Encyclopaedia Britannica
http://www.britannica.com/topic/Codex-Laudianus
Codex Claromontanus 
http://www.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_06

 National Library of France
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84683111

 Encyclopaedia Britannica
http://www.britannica.com/topic/biblical-literature/New-Testament-canon-texts-and-versions#ref598008




Codex Coislinianus
http://www.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_015

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Leningrad Codex

USC  Leningrad Codex  1010 AD
https://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/biblical_manuscripts/LeningradCodex.shtml

 The Leningrad Codex, or Leningradensis, is the oldest complete Hebrew bible still preserved. 

 There is no older manuscript which contains 
the whole Hebrew Bible ( or Old Testament in Hebrew ).
The manuscript was written around the year 1010 AD.

The Leningrad Codex is considered one of the best examples of the Masoretic text.


 The Jewish Publication Society (JPS)
https://jps.org/books/tanakh-the-holy-scriptures-blue/

 TANAKH
The Holy Scriptures 
The New JPS Translation according to the Traditional Hebrew Text

 JPS TANAKH is an entirely original translation of the Holy Scriptures into contemporary English, based on the Masoretic (the traditional Hebrew) text. 

 Not since the third century b.c.e., when 72 elders of the tribes of Israel created the Greek translation of Scriptures known as the Septuagint has such a broad-based committee of Jewish scholars produced a major Bible translation.

 http://jps.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/JPSTanakh_CustomerGuide.pdf

 The Tanakh is the canon of the Jewish Bible 
( also known as the Hebrew Bible, the Holy Scriptures, 
   or the Old Testament ).

JPS Tanakh is an entirely original translation of the Holy Scriptures into contemporary English, based on the original masoretic (traditional Hebrew) text. 

 The Hebrew text of the JPS Tanakh is based on the Leningrad Codex, the masoretic text traceable to Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, circa 930 AD. 

 In 1010 AD, his work was revised by Samuel ben Jacob, a scribe in Egypt.  Lost for centuries, the manuscript was eventually discovered in the mid-nineteenth century and became known as the Leningrad Codex.  JPS has adapted the latest Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS) edition of the Leningrad text by correcting errors and providing modern paragraphing. 



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The Magdalen Papyrus P64
Matthew Chapter 26
Greek

 Magdalen University / College of Oxford
http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/libraries-and-archives/treasure-of-the-month/news/magdalen-papyrus/

 The Magdalen Papyrus P64
possibly the earliest known fragments of the New Testament 

 These three small papyrus fragments are Magd. MS. Gr. 17 (also known as Gregory-Aland P64, the ‘Magdalen Papyrus’ or the ‘Jesus Papyrus’) 
date to the late second century AD, making them among the dozen earliest known surviving fragments of the New Testament

 In 1994, Carsten Peter Thiede had re-dated the fragments to the first century, providing ‘the first material evidence that the Gospel according to St Matthew is an eyewitness account written by contemporaries of Christ’.  If Thiede was correct, they would be the oldest surviving text of the New Testament and pieces of a codex.  Thiede’s claim, elaborated in 1995 in a scholarly article and a best-selling book (with Matthew d’Ancona).  Today most scholars support Head (1995), and favour a dating to the late second century or c.200 A.D. This still makes our fragments among the earliest dozen surviving fragments of the gospels.


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University of Pennsylvania
http://penn.museum/collections/object/254486

 Object Title: Saint Mathew Gospel
Object Number: E2746
Greek
Date Made: 200-300 AD
Early Date: 200
Late Date: 300
Period: Roman Period
Saint Matthew
Description: Pages of a codex, written on both sides. The text is Saint Matthew's gospel, Chapter I, vv. 1-9, 12, 14-20. The pages are numbered at the top with a Greek α (page 1) and β (page 2).


Penn Museum Object #E2746
http://www.penn.museum/blog/museum/gospel-of-saint-matthew-object-of-the-day-99/

 Gospel of Saint Matthew
New Testament Greek, E2746 is known as P1.
The Penn fragment contains Matthew 1:1-9, 12 and 13, 14-20, 
which give the genealogy of Jesus.  
Penn Museum
http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/june-2013/article/treasure-trove-of-sacred-writings-displayed-for-the-public




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Ante-Nicene
Before the Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD )

 Ante-Nicene Fathers
http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1968

 Early Church Fathers  CCEL.org
http://www.ccel.org/fathers.html

 Early Church Fathers 
http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/

The Ante-Nicene Fathers  Ten Volume Set
http://www.amazon.com/Ante-Nicene-Fathers-10-Set/dp/1565630823

Relationships of the Early Church Fathers
Diagram

Ante-Nicene  Youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJA-wIRctmE
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Bread Basket
bb316.blogspot.com

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